A comprehensive review on effective role of Apple polyphenols in the treatment of obesity, diabetes, and liver dysfunctions with some possible molecular mechanisms

Abstract

Mohabbulla Mohib, Nafij Imtiyaj Chowdhury, Juthika Sarker, Nahid Hasan, Salma khan, Kazi Nafis Ullah, WaichMahmud, Liyad Salem Mridu, Abida Tisha, Abu Taher Sagor

Recent studies suggest that chronic illness like obesity, diabetes, vascular inflammation, and liver diseases are on the rise. However, daily consumption of fruits and vegetables may prevent chronic and non-communicable diseases. Evidences also showed that Polyphenol-based treatment strategies could cure, prevent, and manage chronic illnesses; therefore, gained popularity as the alternative therapeutic option throughout the world. In this current study, a detailed search was performed using PubMed, Science Direct, and Google scholar, and brought together the articles on Apple polyphenols (AP), obesity, diabetes-mediated liver dysfunction and using the relevant keywords. Several biochemical studies have already reported that AP possesses strong anti-oxidant properties, thereby, reduces free radical generation, prevents oxidative-mediated organ dysfunction, decreases lipid peroxidation products, and advanced glycation end-products. Furthermore, when applied in in-vitro models, AP decreases harmful lipid accumulation, manages glucose level, and helps in cell survival. Besides, cellular fuels like Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase, nuclear respiratory factor, and Peroxisome ProliferatorActivated Receptor have been found to be enhanced; concurrently, unwanted harmful cytokines such as Nuclear Factor-κB, Toll-Like Receptors, and Activator Protein are also observed abated. In human trials, AP-based treatment approaches have been performing extremely well in reducing harmful lipids, preventing nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases, controlling blood glucose level, countering drug-induced hepatic dysfunctions, and minimizing Adverse Drug Reactions-related problems. Overall, AP-derived phytonutrients should extensively be considered for the safety of larger clinical evaluations and as prospective lead compounds for further drug design and development process.