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Perspective - Oxidants and Antioxidants in Medical Science (2023)

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Copper Homeostasis in Infancy: Balancing Act for Optimal Growth and Neurological Development

Rafieele Gentilu*
 
Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
 
*Corresponding Author:

Rafieele Gentilu, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal, Email: Rafieele.gentilu@uc.pt

Received: 03-Sep-2023, Manuscript No. EJMOAMS-23-122525; Editor assigned: 07-Sep-2023, Pre QC No. EJMOAMS-23-122525 (PQ); Reviewed: 21-Sep-2023, QC No. EJMOAMS-23-122525; Revised: 28-Sep-2023, Manuscript No. EJMOAMS-23-122525 (R); Published: 04-Oct-2023

Description

Copper is an essential trace element crucial for various physiological functions in the human body, especially during the early stages of life. While copper deficiency is relatively rare, it can have severe consequences, particularly in infants. This article explores the importance of copper, the causes of copper deficiency in infants, its symptoms, and strategies for prevention and treatment.

The role of copper in infant health

Copper plays a vital role in the development and maintenance of healthy tissues, the formation of red blood cells, and the functioning of the nervous and immune systems. In infants, copper is particularly crucial for the development of the brain and bones. It is an integral component of enzymes that facilitate iron metabolism, connective tissue formation, and overall growth [1].

Causes of copper deficiency in infants

Copper deficiency in infants can arise from various factors, both dietary and non-dietary:

Inadequate maternal nutrition: If a breastfeeding maternal nutrition: If a breastfeedingmother has a diet deficient in copper, the infant may not receive an adequate supply through breast milk [2].

Premature birth: Preterm infants may have lowercopper stores at birth, increasing their susceptibility to deficiency [3].

Formula feeding issues: Some infant formulas maynot contain sufficient copper, leading to deficiency in formula-fed babies.

Gastrointestinal disorders: Conditions such as celiacdisease or malabsorption disorders can interfere with the absorption of copper from the diet [4].

Excessive zinc intake: High levels of zinc, whether from supplements or certain formulas, can interfere with copper absorption [5].

Genetic factors: Rare genetic disorders, such as Menkesdisease, can impair copper absorption and transport in the body [6].

Symptoms of copper deficiency in infants

Anemia: Copper is essential for the formation ofhaemoglobin, and deficiency can lead to anemia.

Impaired growth: Insufficient copper affects bonedevelopment and can result in delayed growth.

Neurological issues: Copper plays a crucial role in braindevelopment, and deficiency may lead to neurological problems such as delays in cognitive and motor skills [7].

Frequent infections: Copper is involved in the properfunctioning of the immune system, and a deficiency may increase susceptibility to infections [8].

Pale skin: Anemia associated with copper deficiencycan manifest as pale skin.

Prevention and treatment

Preventing copper deficiency in infants involves ensuring both maternal and infant diets are rich in this essential trace element. Breastfeeding mothers should maintain a well-balanced diet, including copper-rich foods like nuts, seeds, and seafood [9]. For formula-fed infants, it is essential to choose formulas that meet the recommended copper levels. If a copper deficiency is suspected, healthcare professionals may recommend copper supplementation under careful supervision. In cases where infants exhibit symptoms of copper deficiency, prompt medical attention is crucial. Treatment typically involves copper supplementation, either through dietary changes or supplements, depending on the severity of the deficiency [10].

Copper deficiency in infants is a serious concern that can impact growth, development, and overall health.

Awareness of the importance of copper, coupled with efforts to ensure adequate intake through maternal nutrition and appropriate infant feeding, is key to preventing and addressing this condition. Regular checkups and consultations with healthcare professionals are essential for monitoring the health and development of infants, allowing for early detection and intervention in cases of copper deficiency.

References